（转18）robustness 鲁棒性简介

鲁棒性就是系统的健壮性。它是在异常和危险情况下系统生存的关键。比如说，计算机软件在输入错误、磁盘故障、网络过载或有意攻击情况下，能否不死机、不崩溃，就是该软件的鲁棒性。所谓“鲁棒性”，是指控制系统在一定（结构，大小）的参数摄动下，维持某些性能的特性。根据对性能的不同定义，可分为稳定鲁棒性和性能鲁棒性。以闭环系统的鲁棒性作为目标设计得到的固定控制器称为鲁棒控制器。
　　鲁棒性原是统计学中的一个专门术语，20世纪70年代初开始在控制理论的研究中流行起来，用以表征控制系统对特性或参数摄动的不敏感性。在实际问题中，系统特性或参数的摄动常常是不可避免的。产生摄动的原因主要有两个方面，一个是由于量测的不精确使特性或参数的实际值会偏离它的设计值（标称值），另一个是系统运行过程中受环境因素的影响而引起特性或参数的缓慢漂移。因此，鲁棒性已成为控制理论中的一个重要的研究课题，也是一切类型的控制系统的设计中所必须考虑的一个基本问题。对鲁棒性的研究主要限于线性定常控制系统，所涉及的领域包括稳定性、无静差性、适应控制等。鲁棒性问题与控制系统的相对稳定性（频率域内表征控制系统稳定性裕量的一种性能指标）和不变性原理（自动控制理论中研究扼制和消除扰动对控制系统影响的理论）有着密切的联系，内模原理（把外部作用信号的动力学模型植入控制器来构成高精度反馈控制系统的一种设计原理）的建立则对鲁棒性问题的研究起了重要的推动作用。当系统中存在模型摄动或随机干扰等不确定性因素时能保持其满意功能品质的控制理论和方法称为鲁棒控制。早期的鲁棒控制主要研究单劻路系统频率特性的某些特征，或基于小摄动分析上的灵敏度问题。现代鲁棒控制则着重研究控制系统中非微有界摄动下的分析与设计的理论和方法。
　　控制系统的一个鲁棒性是指控制系统在某种类型的扰动作用下，包括自身模型的扰动下，系统某个性能指标保持不变的能力。对于实际工程系统，人们最关心的问题是一个控制系统当其模型参数发生大幅度变化或其结构发生变化时能否仍保持渐近稳定，这叫稳定鲁棒性。进而还要求在模型扰动下系统的品质指标仍然保持在某个许可范围内，这称为品质鲁棒性。鲁棒性理论目前正致力于研究多变量系统具有稳定鲁棒性和品质鲁棒性的各种条件。它的进一步发展和应用，将是控制系统最终能否成功应用于实践的关键。

以下内容转自wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robustness
Robustness is the quality of being able to withstand stresses, pressures, or changes in procedure or circumstance. A system, organism or design may be said to be "robust" if it is capable of coping well with variations (sometimes unpredictable variations) in its operating environment with minimal damage, alteration or loss of functionality.

Look up robust inWiktionary, the free dictionary.
Contents[hide]
1 Other studies
1.1 Biology
1.1.1 Genetics
1.1.2 Morphology
1.2 Computer Science
1.3 Statistics
1.4 Economics
1.5 Decision making
//

[edit] Other studies

[edit] Biology

[edit] Genetics
Mutational robustness describes the extent to which an organism's phenotype remains constant in spite of mutation.

[edit] Morphology
In biology 'Robust" is used to describe species with a Morphology based on strength and heavy build, the alternative morphology is the 'gracile' body type. For example comparing similar species, rats have robust body types whilst mice are gracile, other such pairs include the leopard and cheetah. Male and females of the same species, may display sexual dimorphism and have robust and gracile morphologies.

[edit] Computer Science
An algorithm in computer science is robust if it continues to operate despite abnormalities in input, calculations, etc. Formal techniques, such as fuzz testing, are essential to proving robustness since this type of testing involves invalid or unexpected inputs. Various commercial products, including the Mu Dynamics Service Analyzer, perform robustness testing of software systems.

[edit] Statistics
A robust statistical technique is one that performs well even if its assumptions are somewhat violated by the true model from which the data were generated.

[edit] Economics
In economics, "robustness" defines the ability of a financial trading system to remain effective under different markets and different market conditions.

[edit] Decision making
A robust decision is a decision that is as immune to uncertainty as is possible and looks good to all constituents long after it is made.
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