2009年3月9日星期一

(转12)英语中常见后缀及其构词法

英语中常见后缀及其构词法
后缀是一种重要的构词法,通过后缀我们常常可以判断出一个词的词性。下面分四大类分别讲解一些常见后缀及其含义:
  一、名词后缀
  常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下:
  1.-ster,-eer,-er(or)意为:从事某种职业或参与某种活动的人(person engaged in an occupation or activity)例词:gamester,gangster,songster,engineer,profiteer,mountaineer,auctioneer,driver,teacher,director,actor,professor
  2.-let意为:小或者不重要的东西(small,unimportant things)例词:booklet,leaflet,starlet
  3.-ette意为:1)小的东西(small)例词:cigarette 2)假的东西(imitation)例词:leatherette 3)女性(female)例词: usherette
  4.-ess意为:女性(female)例词:actress,poetess,hostess,paintress
  5.-hood意为:时期(status;etc.)例词:boyhood,childhood,manhood
  6.-ship意为:才能,状态,资格,品质等(skill,state,condition,status,quality)例词:leadership,friendship,membership,lectureship,sportsmanship
  7.-ful意为:量(the amount which noun contains)例词:cupful,handful, mouthful,spoonful
  8.-tion,-ion意为:1)状态,行动等(state;action;etc.)例词:action,oppression,possession,education,starva- tion 2)机构等(institution;etc.)例词: organization,foundation
  9.-ment意为:状态,行动等(state; action;etc.)例词:movement,enslavement,pavement
  10.-al意为:动作(action)例词:arrival,refusal,revival,recital,removal
  11.-age意为:程度,数量等(extent; amount;etc.)例词:wastage,coverage, acreage,shrinkage,breakage,hostage
  12.-ness;-ity(ty)意为:状态,品质(state;quality;etc.)例词:happiness, usefulness,selfishness,kindness,rapidity,activity,sanity,changeability
  13.-ism意为:道义,主义,学说等(doctrine of,practice of)例词:idealism, impressionism,absenteeism,racism
  二、动词后缀
  常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下:
  1.-ify意为:转为,变为(to turn into,to make or become)例词:beautify, diversify,simplify
  2.-ize;-en意为:使……,变得……(to make or become ;to make into)例词:modernize,popularize,legalize,hospitalize,symbolize,ripen,widen,heighten,threaten
  3.-ate意为:增加,使……(give or add,make or become)例词:originate, hydrogenate,validate,differentiate
  三、形容词后缀:
  常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下:
  1.-ful意为:充满,有(full of;hav- ing;giving;etc.)例词:useful,pitiful, hopeful,helpful,forgetful,thankful, fearful
  2.-less意为:没有,无(without;not giving)例词:speechless,childless,harmless,hopeless,meaningless
  3.-ly意为:有……品质的(having the qualities of)例词:beastly,manly, brotherly,friendly
  4.-like意为:像……的(like)例词: childlike,statesmanlike,tiger-like
  5.-y;-ish意为:像……一般的(somewhat like)例词:meaty,sandy, silky,hairy,leafy,watery,foolish,girlish,blackish,thinnish
  6.-some意为:像……一样的;引起……的;有……品质的(like;causing; having the quality of)例词:troublesome,burdensome,wholesome,tiresome,bothersome
  7.-able(ible)意为:能……的;可以……的(able to be ;capable)例词: changeable,readable,drinkable,comfortable,expansible,convincible
  8.-ed意为:有……的(having,etc.)例词:wooded,pointed,moneyed, odd-shaped
  9.-al意为:有……属性的,……类型的(nature of,typical of)例词:cultural,personal,regional,musical
  10.-ary(ory)意为:属于……的,与……相连的(belonging to;connected with)例词:revolutionary,imaginary, contradictory
  11.-ous意为:富含……的;有……品质的;像……的(full of;having the quality of;like)例词:glorious,erroneous,malicious,gracious
  12.-ic(ical)意为:……类的;属于……的(typical of;belonging to)例词: historic,historical,methodic,methodical,dramatic,heroic
  13.-ive意为:有……属性的;有某种倾向的(having the nature or quality of;given or tending to)例词:attractive, talkative,restrictive,defensive,preventive,constructive,sensitive
  四、副词后缀
  常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下:
  1.-ly意为:以……方式(in a...manner;etc.)
  例词:happily, boldly,attentive- ly,strangely
  2.-ward(s)意为:表示方式或动作的方向(manner and direction of movement)例词:onward(s),backward(s),earthward(s),homeward(s),eastward(s)
  3.-wise意为:1)按照……方式(in the manner of)例词:crabwise,clockwise2)就……而言(as
  far as ...is concerned)例词:weatherwise ,educationwise
  有一个原因的单音节词,结尾只有一个单音辅音,在加以元音后缀是,要双写这个辅音.例词:run + er = runner hit + ing = hitting

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