英语是一种国际性的语言，把英语当作母语的使用人数约三亿四千万，包含当第二外语使用者，共有约八亿人。世界上一半以上的报纸和科技刊物是用英语出版的，80%以上计算机存储信息以英语为媒介，英语书写的信件占世界书信的四分之三，用英语广播的电台占五分之三。
2. 英语词汇量
世界上收词最多的《牛津英语词典》1928年版收词414829个，1989年版收词超过500000个，但仍然未能把全部词汇收录。加上学科专门术语和俚语、方言，新词，英语词汇远远超过200万个并以每年850个的速度增加，是世界上现在的5000多种语言中词汇量丰富的一门语言。如德语有词185000个，法语100000个。当然，这些词汇中常用词汇并不多，据统计，莎士比亚（W. William Shakespeare；1564～1616）掌握词汇约24000个，弥尔顿（John Milton,1608～1674,英国诗人，政论家）掌握约16000个，丘吉尔（Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill，1874年11月30日—1965年1月24日，政治家，画家，演说家，作家，1953年诺贝尔文学奖得主，1940-1945，1951-1955两任英国首相）能使用90000个，艾略特（1888-1965，英国现代派诗人和文艺评论家）能使用100000个词。但日常生活中，学会1000个英语词就能理解任何一篇规范文字的80.5%，学会常用的3000个词，能理解91%的内容，学会4000个词，能理解95%以上，所以，美国对外国学生的英语要求是掌握4000个词，掌握5000个词，能理解97%左右。
3. 英语和汉语中最常用的100个词（字）
序号 英语 美语 汉语
- the the 的
- of be 了
- and of 是
- to and 一
- a a 不
- in in 我
- that be 在
- is to 有
- was have 他
- it too 个
- for it 这
- he for 着
- as I 就
- with they 你
- be with 和
- on not 说
- I that 上
- his on 人
- at she 地
- by as 也
- had at 里
- by by 我们
- not this 来
- but we 到
- from you 都
- have from 还
- are do 大
- which but 去
- her or 把
- she an 又
- or which 看
- you would 要
- they say 她
- an all 那
- were one 好
- there will 小
- been who 主义
- one that 能
- all when 国
- we make 很
- their there 年
- has if 十
- would can 得
- when man 他们
- if what 什么
- so time 没
- no go 两
- will no 三
- him into 中
- who could 用
- more up 走
- said other 从
- our that 天
- about year 种
- what out 二
- up new 出
- some some 自己
- only take 几
- my these 人民
- them come 到
- can see 它
- into get 起来
- time know 对
- than any 呢
- could two 一
- me only 会
- two then 多
- then any 而
- other now 吧
- its may 家
- these than 革命
- now give 时候
- do about 叫
- may as 向
- any day 只
- Mr.AB also 工作
- made find 这样
- first first 四
- should way 没有
- over must 社会
- very use 给
- our more 王
- like like 同志
- new even 想
- must many 做
- such more 可以
- after think 水
- man such 第
- much where 话
- years so 头
- before through 像
- most should 手
- well people 们
- even each 才
- these well 使
- mister even 知道
- also over 您
- being would 成
- those seem 次
- people just 时
4. 一个人的词汇量可以分四个层次，掌握的数量依次递增：
能说--speaking vocabulary
能写--writing vocabulary (active vocabulary)
能读--reading vocabulary
能猜--guess vocabulary (passive vocabulary)
5. 最常用850个词（by C.K. Ogden)
operations ETC. 100
- come
- get
- give
- go
- keep
- let
- make
- put
- seem
- take
- be
- do
- have
- say
- see
- send
- may
- will
- about
- across
- after
- against
- among
- at
- before
- between
- by
- down
- from
- in
- off
- on
- over
- through
- to
- under
- up
- with
- as
- for
- of
- till
- than
- a
- the
- all
- any
- every
- no
- other
- some
- such
- that
- this
- I
- he
- you
- who
- and
- because
- but
- or
- if
- though
- while
- how
- when
- where
- why
- again
- ever
- far
- forward
- here
- near
- no
- out
- still
- then
- there
- together
- well
- almost
- enough
- even
- little
- much
- not
- only
- quite
- so
- very
- tomorrow
- yesterday
- north
- south
- east
- west
- please
- yes _____things 400 general________
- account
- act
- addition
- adjustment
- advertisement
- agreement
- air
- amount
- amusement
- animal
- anwser
- apparatus
- approval
- argument
- attack
- attempt
- attention
- attraction
- authority
- back
- balance
- base
- behaviour
- belief
- birth
- bit
- bite
- blood
- blow
- body
- brass
- bread
- breath
- borther
- building
- burn
- burst
- business
- butter
- canvas
- care
- cause
- chalk
- chance
- change
- cloth
- coal
- colour
- comfort
- committee
- company
- comparison
- competition
- condition
- connection
- control
- cook
- copper
- copy
- cork
- cotton
- cough
- country
- cover
- crack
- credit
- crime
- crush
- cry
- current
- curve
- damage
- danger
- daughter
- day
- death
- debt
- decision
- degree
- design
- desire
- destruction
- detail
- development
- digestion
- direction
- discovery
- discussion
- disease
- disgust
- distance
- distribution
- division
- doubt
- drink
- dust
- earth
- edge
- education
- effect
- end
- error
- event
- example
- exchange
- existence
- expansion
- experience
- expert
- fact
- fall
- family
- father
- fear
- feeling
- fiction
- field
- fight
- fire
- flame
- flight
- flower
- fold
- food
- force
- form
- friend
- front
- fruit
- glass
- gold
- government
- grain
- grass
- grip
- group
- growth
- guide
- harbour
- harmony
- hate
- hearing
- heat
- help
- history
- hole
- hope
- hour
- humour
- ice
- idea
- impulse
- increase
- industry
- ink
- insect
- instrument
- insurance
- interest
- invention
- iron
- jelly
- join
- journey
- judge
- jump
- kick
- kiss
- knowledge
- land
- language
- laugh
- law
- lead
- learning
- leather
- letter
- level
- lift
- light
- limit
- linen
- liquid
- list
- look
- loss
- love
- machine
- man
- manage
- mark
- market
- mass
- meal
- measure
- meat
- meeting
- memory
- metal
- middle
- milk
- mind
- mine
- minute
- mist
- money
- month
- morning
- mother
- motion
- mountain
- move
- music
- name
- nation
- need
- news
- night
- nise
- note
- number
- observation
- offer
- oil
- operation
- option
- order
- organization
- ornament
- owner
- page
- pain
- paint
- paper
- part
- paste
- payment
- peace person
- place
- plant
- play
- pleasure
- point
- poison
- polish
- porter
- price
- process
- produce
- profit
- property
- prose
- protest
- pull
- punishment
- purpose
- push
- quality
- question
- rain
- range
- rate
- ray
- reaction
- reading
- reason
- record
- regret
- relation
- religion
- representative
- request
- respect
- rest
- reward
- rhythm
- rice
- river
- road
- roll
- room
- rub
- rule
- run
- salt
- sand
- scale
- science
- sea
- seat
- secretary
- selection
- self
- sense
- servant
- sex
- shade
- shake
- shame
- shock
- side
- sign
- sild
- sister
- size
- sky
- sleep
- slip
- slope
- smash
- smell
- smile
- smoke
- sneeze
- snow
- soap
- society
- son
- song
- sort
- sound
- soup
- space
- stage
- start
- statement
- steam
- steel
- step
- stitch
- stone
- stop
- story
- stretch
- structure
- substance
- sugar
- suggestion
- summer
- support
- surprise
- swim
- system
- talk
- taste
- tax
- teaching
- tendency
- test
- theory
- thing
- thought
- thunder
- time
- tin
- top
- touch
- trade
- transport
- trick
- trouble
- turn
- twist
- unit
- use
- value
- verse
- vessel
- view
- voice
- walk
- war
- wash
- waste
- water
- wave
- wax
- way
- weather
- week
- weight
- wind
- wine
- winter
- woman
- wood
- wool
- word
- work
- wound
- writing
- year
- ()
- (0
- ()
- ()
- ()
- ()
- () 200 Picturable
- angle
- ant
- apple
- arch
- arm
- baby
- bag
- ball
- band
- basin
- basket
- bath
- bed
- bee
- bell
- berry
- bird
- blade
- board
- boat
- bone
- book
- boot
- bottle
- box
- boy
- brain
- brake
- branch
- brick
- bridge
- brush
- bucket
- bulb
- button
- cake
- camera
- card
- carriage
- cart
- cat
- chain
- cheese
- chest
- chin
- church
- circle
- clock
- cloud
- coat
- collar
- comb
- cord
- cow
- cup
- curtain
- cushion
- dog
- door
- drain
- drawer
- dress
- drop
- ear
- egg
- engine
- eye
- face
- farm
- feather
- finger
- fish
- flag
- floor
- fly
- foot
- fork
- fowl
- frame
- garden
- girl
- glove
- goat
- gun
- hair
- hammer
- hand
- hat
- head
- heart
- hook
- horn
- horse
- hospital
- house
- island
- jewel
- kettle
- key
- knee
- knife
- knot
- leaf
- leg
- library
- line
- lip
- lock
- map
- match
- monkey
- moon
- mouth
- muscle
- nail
- neck
- needle
- nerve
- net
- nose
- nut
- office
- orange
- oven
- parcel
- pen
- pencil
- picture
- pig
- pin
- pipe
- plane
- plate
- plough
- pot
- potato
- prision
- pump
- rail
- rat
- receipt
- ring
- rod
- roof
- root
- sail
- school
- scissors
- screw
- seed
- sheep
- shelf
- ship
- shirt
- shoe
- skin
- skirt
- snake
- sock
- spade
- sponge
- spoon
- spring
- square
- stamp
- star
- station
- stem
- stick
- stocking
- stomach
- store
- street
- sun
- table
- tail
- thread
- throat
- thumb
- ticket
- toe
- tongue
- tooth
- town
- train
- tray
- tree
- trousers
- umbrella
- wall
- watch
- wheel
- whip
- whistle
- window
- wing
- wire
- worm ___Qualities 100 general
- able
- acid
- angry
- automatic
- beautiful
- black
- boiling
- bright
- broken
- brown
- cheap
- chemical
- chief
- clean
- clear
- common
- complex
- conscious
- cut
- deep
- dependent
- early
- elastic
- electric
- equal
- fat
- textile
- first
- fixed
- flat
- free
- frequent
- full
- general
- good
- great
- grey
- hanging
- happy
- hard
- high
- hollow
- important
- kind
- like
- living
- long
- male
- married
- material
- mediacl
- military
- natural
- necessary
- new
- normal
- open
- parallel
- past
- physical
- political
- poor
- possible
- present
- private
- probable
- quick
- quiet
- ready
- red
- regular
- responsible
- right
- round
- same
- second
- spearate
- serious
- sharp
- smooth
- sticky
- stiff
- straight
- strong
- sudden
- sweet
- tall
- thick
- tight
- tired
- true
- violent
- waiting
- warm
- wet
- wide
- wise
- yellow
- young
- (() ___50 Opposites
- awake
- bad
- bent
- bitter
- blue
- certain
- cold
- complete
- cruel
- dark
- dead
- dear
- delicate
- different
- dirty
- dry
- false
- feeble
- female
- foolish
- future
- green
- ill
- last
- late
- left
- loose
- loud
- low
- mixed
- narrow
- old
- opposite
- public
- rough
- sad
- safe
- secret
- short
- shut
- simple
- shlow
- small
- soft
- solid
- special
- strange
- thin
- white
- wrong
- Monday
- Tuesday
- Wednesday
- Thursday
- Friday
- Saturday
- Sunday
- January
- February
- March
- April
- May
- June
- July
- August
- September
- October
- November
- December
- one
- two
- three
- four
- five
- six
- seven
- eight
- nine
- ten
- eleven
- twelve
- thirteen
- fourteen
- fifteen
- sixteen
- seventeen
- eighteen
- nineteen
- twenty
- twenty-one
- thirty
- forty
- fifty
- hundred
- thousand
- milion
- half
- quarter third
- fourth
6. 相关定义
词：能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位；
词条entry, 词位lexeme, 词形word form, 词汇单位lexical unit
功能词function word：没有完整词汇意义但有语法意义或语法功能的词，包括：限定词determiner, 代词pronoun, 介词preposition，连接词conjunction, 助动词auxiliary verb, 感叹词interjection, 等等。
实义词content word: 本身有完整词意的词，包括名词noun, 动词verb, 形容词adjective, 副词adverb.
最长的词45个字母: pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis，肺尘病
词素：语言中最小的语音语义的结合体,是词的组成部分。一个词可以由一个词素构成，也可以由多个词素构成。
词根root：含有明确的意义，在单词中表达主要意义的词素;
词缀affix：在单词中只有语法意义，而没有词汇意义(叫屈折词缀)，或者虽有一部分词汇意义，但在词中表达次要意义(叫派生词缀). 派生词缀又分为前缀和后缀。
7. 自由词根-简章词
有完整的词汇意义，能够单独构成一个词独立使用的词素，叫做自由形式。如book, walk, table, bad, lamp, elephant.
由一个自由词根组成的词叫简单词simple word.
在英语中，简单词占少数，名词中，简单词占18%, 形容词中，简单词占12%. 但最常用的词却是简单词。简章词最稳定，但是新含义不断出现。
8. 粘着词根
多数来自希腊语或拉丁语，很多只能用来希腊语或拉丁语的外来词，不能用来构成新词（无构词能力）。
9. 最典型的14组词根、前缀
词 前缀 词根
- precept pre-(before) capere(take, seize)
- detain de-(away, from) tenere(hold, have)
- internittent inter-(between) mittre(send)
- offer ob-(against) ferre(bear, carry)
- insist in-(into) stare(stand)
- monograph mono-(alone, one) graph (write)
- epilogue epi-( upon ) egein (say, study)
- aspect ad-(to, toward) spicere (see)
- uncomplicated un-(not) com-(together) plicare (fold)
- nonextended non-(not) ex-(out of) tendere (stretch)
- reproduction re- (back, again) pro- (forward) ducere (lead)
- indisposed in- (not) dis- (apart from) ponere (put, place)
- oversufficient over- (above) sub- (under) facere (make, do)
- mistranscribe mis- (wrong) trans- (across) scribere (write)
10. 英语中，单词的构成方法
- 派生法derivation： 派生词缀和词根结合，或者粘着词根和粘着词根结合构成单词的方法，通过此方法构成的词叫派生词derivative。
前缀和后缀：（详见本博客"前缀与后缀"相关文章）
派生词的结构：（1） 前缀+自由词根 （2）自由词根+后缀 （3）前缀+自由词根+后缀 （4）组合形式+自由词根 （5）前缀+粘着词根 （6）粘着词根+后缀 （7）前经+粘着词根+后缀 （8）组合形式+组合形式
- 复合法compounding, composition：两个或两个以上独立词结合在一起构成新词，由此方法构成的词叫复合词compound。
- 转化法conversion：词在不改变词的形态，从一种词类转化成另一种词类，从而失去原有的意义而变成新的意义。又叫零派生法。如名词转化成动词，形容词转化成动词，动词转化成名词，其它转化成形容词等。
- 缩略法abbreviation：把词的音节加以活力或简化而产生的词称为缩略词。
- 逆生法back-formation：
- 拟声法onomatopoeia：
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